A backbone network is the central core of large computer networks that connects smaller networks. Learn all about backbone networks and how they ensure network performance for service providers and end users.
What is a backbone network?
A backbone network, also known as a core network, is the central infrastructure in larger computer networks that interconnects local subnetworks. They’re usually high capacity, low latency connections designed to transmit high data volumes as efficiently as possible.
For example, a backbone network can connect different local area networks (LANs) in one building or across many buildings in a business park or university campus. Large enterprises with geographically dispersed sites might create a backbone network to connect their sites in a wide area network (WAN).
Similarly, backbone networks connect different cities, regions or countries. For instance, internet service providers (ISPs) and data centres use backbone networks to provide high capacity connectivity between dispersed locations.
How does a backbone network work?
A backbone network works like a central highway, providing fast, reliable traffic flow to local road networks. It typically uses high capacity optical connectivity with fibre optic cables, routers, switches and other networking equipment to transmit high volumes of data as efficiently as possible.
In addition, wireless satellite or microwave links, or a hybrid core network of wired and wired connections, can be used to reach remote areas where laying cables is impractical.
While core networks vary, they use standard technologies like Internet Protocol (IP), Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) to ensure seamless communication between subnetworks.
Backbone network vs access network
Backbone and access networks are distinct components of computer networks with different functions. In national or global networks, the two are interconnected as follows:
- A backbone network is the high capacity core that connects different regions, data centres and ISPs to the internet and cloud services.
- A distribution network, which may include backhaul, connects the backbone network to an access network, distributing traffic to regional or local metropolitan area networks (MAN), streets or buildings.
- An access network, also known as the “last mile”, connects end users or subscribers to the distribution network, providing access to the internet and cloud services.
